English grammar

Saludos y respuestas

- In the morning, we say:

Good morning

Morning

Hi

. . . or . . .

Hello

- In the afternoon, we say:

Good afternoon

Hi

. . . or . . .

Hello

- These are greetings and responses:

Ana: How are you, Tom?

Tom: Great, thanks.

Dave: How are you doing?

Peter: Good.

- Some greetings are informal.

We use them with friends or family.

John: Hey. How's it going?

Linda: Great.

- Some greetings are more formal.

Jane: How are you?

Suki: I'm fine. Thank you.

- Here, Paul and Ana give responses.

Paul: Hi. How are you?

Ana: I'm fine thanks, and you?

Paul: Fine, thanks.

Despedidas y respuestas

- We use farewells when we leave.

Here are some farewells:

Bye

Good-bye

Take care

See you

Bye-bye

- Sometimes a farewell mentions a time or a timeframe.

See you at 3:00.

See you tomorrow.

See you later.

- Good night is a farewell.

We say good night late at night.

Nombres y títulos

- Everyone has a first name and a family name. For example: Teresa Sánchez.

Teresa is her first name, or given name.

Sánchez is her family name, or last name.

In English, we give our first name, then our last name.

Hi, I’m Ana Pedroso.

Hello, I’m Emi Okada.

- When we greet friends, we usually use only the first name.

Ana: Hi, Chris.

Chris: Hey, Ana. How's it going?

- All adults have a title. Use a title with the last name. Don't use a title with the first name.

For men, we use Mr. and a last name.

Mr. Smith

- For women, we usually use Ms. and a last name.

Ms. Marcos

- Some single women use Miss or Ms. Emi is a single woman.

Miss Okada

- Some married women use Mrs. Others use Ms.

Mrs. Alonso is married to Mr. Prado.

Mrs. Prado

- Medical doctors and many university professors use the title, Dr.

For doctors, we usually use Dr. and a last name.

Dr. Smith

Sometimes professors prefer the title Professor.

Professor Miller

- In English, we don't use Teacher as a title.

Instead, we use Mr., Ms., Mrs., Miss.

Ms. Adams

Miss Winters

Presentaciones

- We introduce ourselves with I'm and our name.

Katherine: Hi, I’m Katherine.

Jed: Hello, I’m Jed.

- Here's how we introduce other people:

Most introductions are casual. We use this is.

Jed: Joe, this is Corinne.

Joe: Nice to meet you.

We can give more information about that person.

Jane: Steve, this is Mary. She’s a travel agent.

Steve: Nice to meet you.

- Sometimes introductions and responses are more formal.

Dan: Tim, I’d like to introduce you to Yoshi.

Tim: It’s a pleasure to meet you.

Ser o estar: Oraciones y preguntas

- Let's study the verb be.

I am a programmer.

They are designers.

- To make questions with be, we change the order.

Luis is a programmer. → Is Luis a programmer?

- Here's how to answer questions with the verb be:

Sam: Is Emi a student?

Dave: Yes, she is.

Remember, we don't answer, Yes, she's.

Kate: Is Ana a teacher?

Chris: No, she's not.

Hacer: Hablar sobre trabajos

- To ask about people's jobs, we say:

Dave: What do you do?

Sam: I'm an actor.

Dave: What does she do?

Sam: She's a student.

- We use the word a with singular words that begin with consonant sounds.

Here are the consonants:

B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z

I'm a teacher.

I'm a writer.

- With singular words that begin with vowel sounds, we use the word an.

Here are the vowels:

A, E, I, O, U

I'm an engineer.

I'm an actor.

Órdenes

- We use commands to tell people to do something.

To make a command form use the simple form of the verb.

Come here.

Sometimes commands are polite.

To make a polite command, use the word please.

Please open your books.

Please sit down.

Please can also be at the end of the sentence.

Open your books, please.

Órdenes negativas

- To make negative commands put the word don't in front of the simple form of the verb.

Do not talk now. Don't talk now.

Do not smoke in the building. Don't smoke in the building.

- To make the command more polite add the word please.

Please don't talk now.

Please don't smoke in the building.

Pronombres

- There are three kinds of pronouns in English.

Today let's study two kinds: subject pronouns and object pronouns.

First let's look at subject pronouns.

Emi is Spanish.

She is Spanish.

The word she means Emi in this sentence.

She is a subject pronoun.

Here are some more examples:

I am American.

You are Japanese.

We are students.

- Now let's look at object pronouns.

Tom likes Ana.

Tom likes her.

In this sentence Ana is the object.

The word her means Ana in this sentence.

Object pronouns usually come after verbs.

Her is an object pronoun.

Esto, aquello, estos, aquellos. En español, estas palabras varían en género. A modo de ejemplo, usamos sólo la forma neutra.

- First, this . . .

This is a note.

Use this to talk about one thing close to you.

- Next, these . . .

These are folders.

Use these to talk about two or more things close to you.

- Now, that . . .

That is a note.

Use that to talk about one thing far from you.

- And finally, those . . .

Those are folders.

Use those to talk about two or more things far from you.

- We often use words like here or right here with this and these.

John: What’s this file here?

Janet: The Mexico file.

- We often use words like there or over there with that and those.

John: And what are those brochures over there?

Janet: Hmm, I don’t know.

Preguntas de aclaración

- Use question words who, what, and where to get information.

Use the question word what to ask about things.

Sam: What's this?

Kate: It's a brochure.

- You can also use these questions to ask about words you don't know in English.

Sam: What are those?

Kate: They're files.

. . . or . . .

Emi: What's this called?

Kate: It's called a DVD.

Use what to ask about words you don't understand in English.

Emi: What does this mean?

Jin: I don't know. Ask Kate.

- Use the question word who to ask about people.

Bob: Who's that?

Jack: That's Dr. Jordan

- Use the question word where to ask about location.

Lisa: Where's the copier?

Justin: It's in the office.

Sustantivos singulares y plurales

- Nouns are the names of people, places, and things.

In English, nouns are singular or plural.

Singular means one. Plural means two or more.

Folder is a singular noun.

Folders is a plural noun.

- Most plural nouns have an -s at the end of the word.

For example:

one file

two files

three files

- Some plurals are irregular. They don't end in -s.

one man → two men

one woman → two women

one child → two children

one person → two people

- When a noun ends in x, z, s, sh or ch add -es to the end of the word.

one fax → two faxes

one class → two classes

A qué hora/cuándo: Decir la hora

- To tell the time we use the word it.

It's 10:00.

. . . or . . .

It's 10.

It's 11:30.

- To ask the time, use this question:

Uli: What time is it?

Ellie: It's 3:20.

- To ask in a more polite way, use this question:

Student: Do you know the time?

Teacher: Yes. It's 3:20.

- Use almost or about when you don't know the exact time.

Rick: What time is it?

Mary: It's about 12 o'clock. (11:50-12:10

- Dan: What time is it?

Scott: It's almost 12:00. (11:58)

- When we ask about the time of an event, we use what time or when and at.

Sue: When's English class?

Jim: It's at 9:30.

Sue: And what time is Spanish class?

Jim: At 11:00.

Oraciones negativas

- We talk about where people are from like this:

Emi is Japanese. She's not Mexican.

We say:

Emi is Japanese.

. . . or . . .

Emi is from Japan.

Japan is the country Emi is from.

Japanese is Emi's nationality.

We don't use a or an with nationalities.

- We use the word not to make the negative form.

He's a programmer.

He's not a designer.

- We contract negative statements with be in two ways.

You are not Brazilian.

You're not Brazilian.

You aren't Brazilian.

Adjetivos con sustantivos

- Adjectives describe someone or something.

Use the verb be before adjectives.

Professor Brown is nice.

He's nice.

The desk is big.

Remember, we don't use an article with adjectives alone.

- Adjectives come before the noun they describe.

Emi is a new student.

Professor Brown is a nice teacher.

- Adjectives can also come after the verb be to describe the subject of the sentence.

Emi is new.

Professor Brown is nice.

She's sad

- Adjectives don't have plural forms.

We say, They are sad, not, They are sads.

Artículos Indeterminados A y An

A y an corresponden a un/una.

Ejemplo: a teacher, a postman, an actress.

Se emplea a delante de sonido consonántico, y esto incluye la h aspirada. Y an delante de sonido vocálico, incluyendo aquí, la h muda.

Delante de los nombre de profesiones se utiliza el artículo indeterminado.

Ejemplo: I’m a policeman, You’re a , she’s a doctor,  he is a lawyer.

Nunca se utilizan con plural.

Ejemplo: she is a dentist, they are dentist..

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Articulo determinado - The

El artículo determinado "The" en inglés es invariable. (No tiene género ni número). 

 Su significado: el, la, lo, los las.

The hospital – el hospital.
The chair – la silla.
The girls – las chicas

Se omite en plural cuando se habla en general:
Women are beautiful – todas las mujeres (en general) son bonitas

También se omite en fórmulas hechas o cuando se habla de lugares públicos.

She’s at hospital.
My brother is at work.

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Pronombres Personales Sujeto

I		Yo
You		Tú / usted
He		Él
She		Ella
It		Ello (animal o cosa)
We		Nosotros/as
You		Vosotros/as
They		Ellos/as (personas, animales y cosas)

El pronombre personal sujeto no se omite nunca.
La primera persona siempre se escribe con mayúscula: I.

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Adjetivos Califícativos

El adjetivo no tiene ni género ni número:

This boy is tall.
This girl is tall.These boys are tall.

El adjetivo puede aparecer detrás del verbo:

This man is short
This car is beautiful.

Y acompañando al nombre, siempre  va delante de él:

This is a short man.
This is a beautiful car.

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Adjetivos posesivos

My			Mi, mis
Your		Tú, tus
His		Su, sus (de él)
Her		Su, sus (de ella)
Its		Su, sus (de ello)
Our		Nuesro/a/os/as
Your		Vuestro/a/os/as
Their		Su, sus (de ellos/as)

Ejemplo: his name is Pedro - their names are María and Juan.
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                                                  HABER

               PRESENTE                                                                             PASADO

 SINGULAR                     PLURAL                                SINGULAR           PLURAL     

A.  There is a table       There are two tables              There was a table     There were  
                                                                                                            two tables

N.  There is not a table       There are not two tables   There was not a        There were

                                                                              table.                      not two tables

I.  Is there a table?            Are there two tables?      Was there a table?     Were there   

                                                                                                             two tables