REPASO DEL TEMA 3

     ¿Qué os parece si repasamos un poquito el tema 3?

 1.  Explica en qué consiste la función de relación. 

Mediante la función de relación respondemos a los cambios que ocurren en nuestro medio externo.

2.  Enumera los órganos, sistemas y aparatos que intervienen en la función de relación. 

   Los órganos de los sentidos, el sistema nervioso y el aparato locomotor.

3.  Completa el siguiente esquema sobre el sistema nervioso.

Sistema nervioso

           - Central

                  * Encéfalo  

                           ^ Cerebro

                           ^ Cerebelo

                           ^ Bulbo raquídeo

                   * Médula espinal

             - Periférico

                    * Nervios sensitivos

                    *  Nervios motores.

 4.  ¿Qué partes del sistema óseo protegen al encéfalo y a la médula espinal? Contesta.

  El encéfalo está protegido por los huesos del cráneo, y la médula espinal,  por la columna vertebral.

5.  Completa el esquema de la neurona. Después, contesta.

           * Cuerpo

           * Prolongaciones   

                           - axón

                           - dentritas

 ¿Qué forman los axones cuando se unen con otros axones?Forman los nervios.

 6.- Escribe el concepto al que se refieren las siguientes definiciones.

·    Tejido muy elástico con el que están cubiertos los extremos de los huesos.    Catílagos                               „

·     Músculos que realizan movimientos opuestos. „ 

   Antagonistas

        ·     Células que son capaces de percibir los estímulos del exterior.             

            Receptoras

7.- Explica qué son los músculos involuntarios y pon dos ejemplos.

Los músculos involuntarios, que no forman parte del sistema locomotor, mson los que actúan de forma independiente sin que podamos controlar su funcionamiento. Por ejemplo, el corazón y los músculos del aparato digestivo

8.-  Completa el dibujo con el nombre de las principales glándulas.

hipófisis, tiroides, páncreas, ovarios y testículos.

 La hipófisis produce hormonas que dirigen la actividad de otras glándulas endocrinas y la hormona del crecimiento. 

9.-   Ana, tras sufrir un accidente, tiene problemas para mantener el equilibrio.
¿Qué parte del encéfalo tiene dañada? Piensa y responde. 

    La parte que tiene dañada es el cerebelo, que se encarga de coordinar los movimientos y mantener el equilibrio

 

How to draw a pentagon.

The musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeleton and the muscular system. Both systems work
together to make the body move.

The skeleton
The skeleton consists of all the bones in the body. It supports the body, and enables us to move.
It protects delicate organs, such as the heart, lungs and brain.

 Joints
Joints are the places where two bones meet.
There are:
• Fixed joints, such as the skull
• Movable joints, such as the knee or elbow
• Gliding joints, such as between vertebrae. The ends of the bones are covered with flexible
tissue called cartilage. The bones of a joint are connected by strong elastic tissues called ligaments.

 The muscular system
The muscular system consists of all the muscles in the body.
The muscular system:
• Enables the body to move
• Gives the body its shape
• Protects organs, such as the liver Muscles can change in length:
• When they contract, they become shorter  and thicker.
• When they relax, they return to their original  length and thickness. Tissues called tendons connect muscles to bones

 Movement
Body movement occurs at movable joints. Two muscles are used in each movement. These muscles are called antagonistic because they perform opposite actions. When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes. For example, arms bend at the elbow  with a flexing movement. They straighten  with an extending movement.  The diagrams show how the arm muscles contract and relax.



 The nervous system
Functions
The nervous system sends and receives information. It coordinates the functions of internal organs.
It also coordinates systems like the digestive system.

 Parts of the nervous system
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. This system receives information, interprets it, and decides on a response.The brain has three parts:
• The cerebrum controls voluntary movements.
• The cerebellum coordinates movements and maintains balance.
• The brain stem regulates internal organs.
The spinal cord controls reflex movements. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves.
It transmits information from the sense organs to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to other organs.

 Neurons
Neurons are the principal cells of the nervous system. They receive and transmit information.
They are grouped together to form nerves. Reflex and voluntary movements.
There are two types of movements:
• Reflex movements: these are involuntary
movements in response to external stimuli.
• Voluntary movements: these movements are the result of decisions.

 Internal processes
The nervous system controls and coordinates all the body’s internal processes, such as  the beating of the heart and the digestion of food. To do this, it controls involuntary muscles and  the endocrine system.

 Involuntary muscles
Involuntary muscles work automatically. We cannot control them with our decisions.The body needs involuntary muscles in order to function correctly.

The endocrine system
The endocrine system is responsible for functions such as growth and reproduction.It consists of endocrine glands, which secretesubstances called hormones into the bloodstream.

Endocrine glands
The principal glands in the endocrine system are:
• Thyroid gland: it produces the hormone thyroxin, which enables the body to absorb nutrients.
• Pancreas: it produces insulin, which controls the amount of sugar in the bloodstream.
• Ovaries (female) and testes (male): they produce sex hormones, which are responsible for reproduction.
• Pituitary gland: it coordinates other endocrineglands and also produces growth hormone.

 Exercises
 . Match the two halves of each sentence.
1. The endocrine system                                              a. produces insulin.
2. The thyroid gland                                                     b. produces the growth hormone.
3. Thyroxin enables the body                                       c. is responsible for growth and reproduction.
4. The pancreas                                                            d. to absorb nutrients.
5. Insulin controls                                                        e. produces thyroxin.
6. The pituitary gland                                                  f. the amount of sugar in the bloodstream.

Preguntas sobre el tema 3. La función de relación

Conocimiento del Medio 6º.
Tema 3.
La función de relación.

Antes de realizar las siguientes actividades volver a leer el tema 3.

1.  El sistema óseo y el sistema muscular forman:

a. el sistema nervioso.                       b. el aparato locomotor.                               c. el aparato circulatorio.

2.  Las células receptoras son:

a. las que son capaces de percibir los estímulos del exterior.

b. las que forman el encéfalo.

c. las que constituyen la parte más importante de la médula espinal.

3.  Los huesos se unen en las articulaciones mediante:

a. los tendones.                       b. los cartílagos.                              c. los ligamentos.

4.  El sistema encargado de dirigir la función de relación es:

a. el sistema óseo.                  b. el sistema nervioso.                   c. el sistema muscular.

5.  La parte de la neurona encargada de transmitir información desde una neurona a otra neurona o a algún órgano del cuerpo es:

a. el cuerpo.                             b. la dendrita.                                   c. el axón.

6.  Los músculos reciben las órdenes del cerebro o de la médula espinal a través de:

a. los nervios motores.           b. los nervios voluntarios.             c. los nervios reflejos.

7.  El bulbo raquídeo:

a. regula la actividad de muchos de nuestros órganos.            

b. coordina los movimientos y mantiene el equilibrio.

c. controla todos los actos voluntarios.

8.  La insulina la produce:

a. la tiroides.                             b. la hipófisis.                                  c. el páncreas.

9.  En la coordinación interna intervienen:

a. el sistema nervioso, los músculos involuntarios y el sistema endocrino. 
b. el aparato circulatorio, el aparato digestivo y el aparato nervioso.
c. el aparato locomotor, el cerebro y los órganos de los sentidos.

10.  El sistema nervioso central está formado por:

a. los nervios.                         
b. el encéfalo y la médula espinal.
c. el sistema endocrino y el cerebro.

THE ORGANISATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

Vocabulary

bone, cartilage, fixed joint, gliding joint, ligament, movable joint, muscular system, skeleton, antagonistic, contract, extend, flex, length, muscle, relax, tendon.

Bone decalcification

• Place two thin, clean chicken wing bones in two jars. Add white vinegar to one of the jars to cover the bone. 

What do you think will happen?

• After two days, remove the bone from the vinegar and wash it. Try to bend both chicken bones. 

What do you notice?

• Bones are strong due to high calcium content; vinegar removes calcium from the bone and makes it soft. Point out how important it is to have enough calcium in your diet.

COMPARE

The girl on the left is dancing( she is using her whole body). But on the right is reading a book (She is  also using  her entire body, but is in more stable position)

- What would happen if we didn’t have a skeleton? (We would have soft bodies like gelatine.)

- What do you notice about our skeleton? Is it internal or external? (internal)  Internal skeletons support proportionally more weight and do not limit growth as much.

* Let´s go to stand up and bend forward to try to touch their toes (without bending their knees). Hold this

position five seconds. Return to standing for five seconds. Repeat this pattern five times.

  Did you notice any changes during the exercise? (It should be easier to reach further down with each

repetition.)

  What do you think happened? (Stretching causes muscles to change in length.)   Stretching is important to help avoid injuries.

- Do you think the human body has more bones or muscles? (more muscles) 

- How many muscles do you think are involved when you take a step? (200)

Here is an interesting link http://www.kidsknowit.com/flash/animations/bio-human-body.swf

                                  PLAY A GAME

http://sciencenetlinks.com/interact  ives/AllSystems.swf
 

Exercises
 Comprehension. Write the words of each sentence in the correctorder to make sense:
1. body / supports / the / the / skeleton
2. meet / places / bones / two / joints / where / are / the
3. ends / the / of / cartilage / covers / bones / the
4. flexible / cartilage / tissue / is
5. elastic / strong / ligaments / are / tissue


True or false? Decide if the following statements are true or false. If they are false, correct them.
1. When muscles contract, they become longer.
2. When muscles relax, they return to their original length and thickness.
3. Tendons connect the bones of a joint.
4. Antagonistic muscles perform the same actions.
5. Arms bend at the elbow with a flexing movement.

Comprehension.  read the following definitions and write the corresponding words:
1. This part of the brain controls voluntary movements.
2. This part of the brain coordinates movements and maintains balance.
3. This part of the brain regulates internal organs.
4. These are the principal cells of the nervous system.
5. These are involuntary movements in response to external stimuli.